INTRODUCTION:

Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with impaired tolerance to autoantigens and antibody production, as well as tolerance in T cells and B cells¹^,². There is ample evidence that both hereditary and environmental factors contribute to the development of SLE³. Sle is a condition in which the body has a hyperactive immune system which can decrease the body's ability to fight bacteria⁴. SLE is a multisystem autoimmune disorder⁵ which can lead to disability⁶.

Lupus is associated with a lifelong immune disorder⁷. Worldwide, the incidence of SLE varies from 0.3 to 23.7 per 100,000 population, while the prevalence varies from 6.5 to 178 per 100,000 population⁸. The prevalence of SLE in Europe ranges between 30 and 90 cases per 100,000 individuals⁹. One study reported an Asia Pacific incidence of 0.9-3.1 per 100,000 population/year. The rough prevalence is 4.3-45.3 per 100,000 population. Prevalence data in Indonesia is not known with certainty. Based on the results of a survey conducted in Malang, it was reported that the incidence rate was 0.5% of the total population¹⁰.

Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease SLE primarily affects women who are reproductive age ¹¹^,¹²^,¹³^,¹⁴. Women have nine times greater risk than men in suffering from SLE⁹. SLE's pathophysiology is affected by various factors including genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors, especially UV rays¹⁵. Genetic, immunologic and hormonal as well as environmental factors are thought to play a role in the pathophysiology of SLE¹⁶. One of the main causes of SLE is the variation in gene⁹. There is ample evidence that both hereditary and environmental factors contribute to the development of SLE³.

Clinical manifestations that arise from SLE are damages to several specific such as the blood arteries, liver, kidneys, skin, joints, heart, and neurological system¹⁷. Medical treatment and multi-organ damage in SLE increases the risk of comorbidities¹⁸, and adversely affects disease prognosis¹⁹. According to reports, people with SLE die at a rate that is about 80% higher than people without the condition¹⁷

Comorbidity has a role in increasing the potential for death of SLE patients by 27.6% compared to the control group¹⁷. The mortality rate in patients after five years from being diagnosed with SLE was 8.28% and 17% after diagnosis in the treatment group compared with 4.43% and 10.29% in the control group¹⁷. A study on the US national data and census from 1968-2013 reported a significant increase in SLE patients²⁰. A meta-analysis reported that among 27,123 patients with SLE, 4,993 of them died. In SLE patients compared to the general population, the risk of death is three times higher. Heart disease, cancer, infections, and kidney disease are the main causes of death²¹. Apart from SLE itself, comorbidities can lead to death, but the exact cause has not been studied. With a 30% contribution value, comorbidity at the time of diagnosis is an actual risk factor for the cause of death¹⁷.

There are two methods to get a comprehensive picture of research developments. The first is a literature review, both narrative and systematic²² The second is to employ bibliometric analysis, which is a methodical means of evaluating quantitatively the relationship and influence of papers that have been published²³. For an overview of the state and trends of journals, the bibliometric method is helpful, research fields, countries, the world, identification of influential authors, and publications²⁴^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,²⁸. Bibliometrics is a method for measuring publications based on authors and the level of authors’ collaboration²⁹. Bibliometrics includes statistics, mathematics and social sciences³⁰^,³¹^,³²^,³³^,³⁴.

A recent bibliometric analysis study on SLE has also been carried out using the Web of Science data source for the period 1971 to 2020 with the title "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research: A Bibliometric Analysis over a 50-Year Period"³⁵. Another study was also conducted on 3,843 SLE articles specifically for Latin American countries contained in the Scopus database for the period 1982 to 2018³⁶. There has been a bibliometric study of articles on SLE published in Pubmed from 2002-2011 involving 14,053 articles in 1,627 journals as the media for the publication³⁷, and since then no updated studies have been conducted. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out an updated study of SLE articles on Pubmed to find out the current trends in SLE research, especially those published in Pubmed for the period 2012 to 2021.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Data Source and Data Searching Methods:

The data were taken from articles published online in PubMed for the period January 1, 2012 to October 31, 2021. Articles were accessed online on November 24, 2021. Search for articles in Pubmed was conducted using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) “Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic". Inclusion criteria were original articles (observational, experimental) and review results. The exclusion criteria were associated data (secondary data source). From the article search period of 9 years starting from January 1, 2012 to October 31, 2021, upon selection based on the predetermined criteria, 3,815 articles were obtained. Figure 1. describes the process of searching and selecting articles.

Figure 1: Flowchart of search strategy

Bibliometric Analisys:

The data were taken from Pubmed and analyzed using bibliometrix package in R studio (http://www.bibliometrix.org/) and VOSviewer (https://www.vosviewer.com/).

The data which will be discussed using bibliometrics are the article search process, the annual number of articles published, the ten most prolific writers, the 10 most productive countries in producing SLE articles, the 10 most journals that publish SLE research articles, and the network of keywords used.

RESULTS:

The most publications of SLE articles occurred in 2013 with a total of 413 articles published as shown in Figure 2. There were 11,133 authors listed in 3,815 SLE articles published on Pubmed during the period of 2012-2021. The top 10 authors in SLE research over the study period are shown in Figure 3. The three most prolific authors based on the quantity of articles published throughout the research period were Pan HF, with 61 articles, Ye DQ with 56 articles, and Lee YH with 52 articles. The most prolific authors in the first and second place are Chinese citizens, while the third author is a South Korean citizen.

Figure 2: Number of SLE articles published on Pubmed for the period of 2012-2020

Figure 3: The ten most prolific writers in producing SLE articles for the period 2012-2021

A total of 76 countries have contributed in producing articles related to SLE involved in this study. Table 1. Lists the ten nations that produce the most published articles on SLE. China leads the productivity with a total of 2,830 articles published, followed by the United States with 2,576 articles, Italy with 1,024 articles, France with 892 articles, Brazil with 564 articles, Spain with 537 articles, Japan with 468 articles, Canada, Germany, and South Korea each had 421, 326, and 309 articles respectively.

Table 1: The 10 most productive countries in producing SLE articles

Country	Number
China	2.830
USA	2.576
Italy	1.024
France	892
Brazil	564
Spain	537
Japan	468
Canada	421
Germany	326
South Korea	309

A total of 3,815 articles taken from Pubmed were published in 804 different journals. The top 10 journals fall into the rheumatology journal category in Pubmed. The journal that published the most SLE articles was the Lupus journal (N: 275; 7.2%)

Table 2: Top 10 journals that publish SLE research articles

Journal

Number

Lupus

Autoimmunity Reviews

Current Opinion In Rheumatology

Clinical Rheumatology

Frontiers In Immunology

Current Rheumatology Reports

Rheumatology (Oxford England)

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America

Rheumatology International

275

164

107

7.2

4.3

2.8

2.4

2.3

2.1

1.8

1.7

1,7

Figure 4 below provides an overview of the use of keywords in SLE research. The goal of co-occurrence analysis is to determine how closely connected two items are based on the number of documents in which they co-occur. In total, the article contains 8,236 distinct terms. Only the top 200 terms were entered to create a co-occurrence network in order to ensure appropriate readability. There are six interconnected clusters observed. The first cluster (1) is red with the main terms appearing are Human and lupus erythematosus. The second cluster (2) is green with the term lupus nephritis predominating. The third cluster (3) is blue with the dominant term being female. The fourth cluster (4) is yellow with the dominant term genetic predisposition to disease. The fifth cluster (5) is purple in with the dominant term rheumatoid arthritis, and the sixth cluster (6) is light blue with the dominant term pregnancy

Figure 4: Network Visualization, shared use of keywords

Figure 5: Overlay Visualization, research theme trends by color

DISCUSSION:

From the results of the search and filtering of articles on Pubmed based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 3,815 original articles on SLE were published in the last 9 years. 423.9 articles are published on average per year. By looking at the prevalence of SLE throughout the world which tends to be high, this figure is in the low category. Worldwide, SLE incidence ranges from 0.3 to 23.7 cases per 100,000 people, while the prevalence varies from 6.5 to 178 per 100,000 population⁸. Compared to the United States, where the frequency of SLE is 0.51/1000, the Chinese population has a significantly high prevalence of 0.7-1/1000. But very few case reports of SLE in Chinese people have been published thus far³⁸. In China, the prevalence of SLE in children is estimated to be 6.3 per 100,000 people⁸.

Research data shows that China is the most productive country in producing SLE research articles with 2,830 articles. With 2,576 articles, the United States is the second-most productive country in creating SLE publications. According to one study, North America had the highest estimates of SLE incidence and prevalence (23.2/100,000 people annually (95% CI: 23.4, 24.0) and 241/100,000 persons (95% CI: 130, 352), respectively. The lowest prevalence of SLE was found in Northern Australia (0 cases in a sample of 847 people), and the lowest incidence of SLE was observed in Africa and Ukraine (0.3/100,000 person-years)³⁹.

The prevalence rate of SLE in the USA at all age levels ranged from 301.1 (per 100,000 population) in 2009 and 366.6 (per 100,000 population) in 2016. The incidence at all age levels and gender ranged from 46.9 in 2009 to 49.0 in 2016 (per 100,000 people)⁴⁰.

The prevalence of SLE in the US in 2009 reached 49.9 people per 100,000 population and 49 events per 100,000 in 2016⁴⁰. In China the prevalence of SLE reached 0.7-1 per 1000 population, while in the US the incidence rate was 0.1 per 1000 population³⁸. From the study it was reported that the incidence of SLE in Arab-Americans was 2.1 times higher in comparison with non-Arab Caucasians and African-Americans⁴¹. A total of 76 countries were involved in this study. China is the country that produces the most SLE publications, followed by the United States, Italy, France, Brazil, Spain, Japan, Canada, Germany, and South Korea.

According to the results of this study, regarding the 10 most productive countries in producing SLE article publications, there are similarities to what was reported in the study of bibliometric analysis from the Pubmed database in 2002-2011 with differences in the order⁴². Another study also reported that, regarding the 10 most productive countries in producing SLE article publications, there were similarities between countries but different in order. While in this study the first order is China, followed by the United States and Italy, in the other study the top order is occupied by the United States, then China, and followed by Japan in the third position³⁵.

China becomes the most productive country in producing SLE article publications. This is explained by the country's high rate of SLE prevalence. The high number of published articles in China and the United States can be attributed to the incidence and prevalence rates in these two countries. It's possible that SLE raises the chance of morbidity¹⁷. SLE can cause comorbidities in any area of the body, however the majority of clinical symptoms are mostly caused by organ damage to the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, liver, kidneys, and neurological system¹⁷. Comorbidities in SLE are more likely to occur as a result of multi-organ involvement and therapy of SLE³⁹ patients, which collectively have a negative impact on prognosis¹⁹. For instance, SLE patients are said to have a death rate that is over 80% greater than the normal population¹⁷.

It was also reported that other comorbidities such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, osteoporosis, avascular necrosis and malignancy were present in SLE⁴³ patients. According to one study, individuals with SLE have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, end-stage kidney disease, malignancy, osteoporosis, and infection¹⁸.

People with SLE tend to have a lower Body Mass Index (BMI) and a higher smoking prevalence¹⁷. The median time required for comorbidity to develop in patients from the time SLE was first diagnosed is 28 months in the treatment group and 83 months in the control group¹⁷.In patients diagnosed with SLE, rheumatological disease is often reported. Patients with SLE have the potential to develop kidney disease¹⁷. In persons with SLE there is a potential for increased incidence of morbidity such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease regardless of age⁴⁴^,⁴⁵. People with SLE frequently develop chronic renal disease, which frequently results in end-stage kidney disease⁴⁶^'⁴⁷. Rheumatological disease is often found in SLE patients at the diagnosis¹⁷. Another study largely concurs that individuals with SLE constantly have a higher chance of developing certain comorbidities, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular illness, regardless of age⁴⁴. People with SLE frequently develop chronic renal disease, which frequently results in end-stage kidney disease⁴⁶. Additionally, it appears that persons with SLE are more likely than controls to have liver disease, as indicated by biochemical or histologic abnormalities¹⁷.

SLE patients also have a higher chance of developing cancer, and a strong correlation between specific cancers, including lung cancer, lymphoma, and other hematological cancers, has regularly been found⁴⁴. Compared to adequate controls, people with SLE seem to be more susceptible to osteoporosis and fractures because of their fragility⁴⁸. Other categories of previously reported comorbidities with established SLE include dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus⁴⁹.

Rheumatological disease is often found in SLE patients at the time of initial diagnosis. When tracing the medical history for the past 10 years, it was found that 211 of 1,605 SLE patients had other rheumatological diagnoses (OR, 3.94)¹⁷. Comorbidities at diagnosis of lupus account for 30% of all-cause mortality. At the time of SLE diagnosis, the overall comorbid burden was significantly higher than that of controls, and SLE patients also had a higher chance of developing new comorbidities than persons without the disease did¹⁷. Compared to adequate controls, people with SLE seem to be more susceptible to osteoporosis and fractures because of their fragility⁴⁸. Other categories of previously reported comorbidities with longstanding SLE include dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus⁴⁹.

Long acknowledged is the greater risk of death in lupus patients. Between 1968 and 2013, a recent study that employed data from US national databases and the census indicated a considerable rise in all-cause mortality, but a lower decline in fatalities from SLE-related causes than from non-SLE causes²⁰. A recent meta-analysis of 27,123 SLE patients (4,993 fatalities) found that SLE patients had a 3-times greater mortality rate than the general population. Heart disease, cancer, infections, and kidney disease are the leading causes of death²¹. Apart from SLE itself, it seems conceivable that comorbidities could affect mortality; however, the actual contribution has not been previously evaluated. Comorbidity upon diagnosis was the primary risk factor for death in this analysis, accounting for 30% of the risk of death. Since we also noticed an accelerated occurrence of comorbidities in SLE patients, their presence had a substantial effect on the management and care of SLE patients, both at the time of diagnosis and throughout follow-up¹⁷.

Genetic, hormonal, and environmental variables, especially ultraviolet (UV) radiation, all have an impact on the pathogenesis of SLE¹⁵. Genetic, immunologic and hormonal as well as environmental factors are thought to play a role in the pathophysiology of SLE¹⁶. The incidence of SLE can also be triggered by the use of several drugs which are more commonly known as Drug Induced Lupus Erythematosus (DILE). DILE is a lupus-like autoimmune disorder that usually results from chronic drug exposure (over months to years) and resolves when the offending drug is discontinued⁵⁰. A narrative study reported recent findings on the incidence of a large number of cases of subacute lupus erythematosus induced by the use of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) drugs⁵⁰. The most commonly (41.7%) reported drug to cause systemic DILE was antitumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) medication⁵⁰. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus is now caused by cancer medications more frequently than any other drug class (54.5%), with female patients experiencing the condition at higher rates⁵⁰ DILE⁵²^'⁵³. In addition to the old drugs that are known as to induce DILE incidence, there are also new drugs that have been reported to be associated with the incidence of DILE such as TNF inhibitors alpha⁵⁴.

Of the 11,133 authors listed in this study, there are 3 authors with the highest number of publications. The first and second authors, Pan HF and Ye DQ, are Chinese citizens. The number of publications of SLE articles uploaded by these two authors indicates a possible relationship between prevalence rates and the number of authors published. The third author, Lee YH, is a South Korean citizen. The prevalence of SLE in South Korea in 2014 reached 79.47/100,000 people⁵⁵, so it is natural that one of the authors with the most publications comes from South Korea where the prevalence cases are quite large.

Original publications on SLE were published in 804 distinct journals in total. Almost all of these journals fall into the category of rheumatology and arthritis journals at Pubmed. The Lupus journal publishes the most articles with a contribution of 7.2%. The top 10 journals in this study gave similar results to the research conducted by Koo M (2021) who reported that the journal Lupus was the journal that publishes the most SLE³⁵ articles. Likewise, a research report by Li et al, (2013) reported that the Lupus journal published the most SLE articles from 2002-2011³⁷.

According to the co-occurrence network analysis's findings, there are 6 large groups/clusters that are closely related. The main group (red) is SLE which is associated with terms related to autoantibodies, autoimmune disease, auto immunity, b and t cells. The second group in green is mostly related to aspects of immunosuppressant drugs, therapeutic outcomes including monoclonal antibody treatment, and research methodology. The third group (blue) is linked to terms related to gender, age, prevalence and incidence, disease severity index, and diagnosis. The fourth group (yellow) is related to genetic terms, gene polymorphisms (gene mutations), risk factors, meta-analytical studies, control cases, and Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS). A new era of genetic study into SLE has begun with the development of GWAS. Prior to 2007, only nine SLE-susceptible loci had been discovered; however, in 2009, the application of GWAS allowed for the discovery of more than 25 such loci⁵⁶. The number continues to grow to more than 100 loci in 2019⁵⁷. The fifth group (purple) is associated with the relationship between SLE and rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogrens syndrome, rheumatic, scleroderma, and dermatomyositis. Figure 5 shows the direction of the current research trend with the big theme of SLE. The lighter the color (yellow) indicates that it is a current research trend, and conversely the darker the color indicates an old theme. Figure 5 illustrates the current research trends in systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis, lupus, hydrochloroquine, treatment, autoimmune disease, autoantibodies, and autoimmunity.

CONCLUSION:

This study gives a summary of the position of SLE research that has been published in Pubmed during the past nine years. Studies of systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis, lupus, hydrochloroquine, therapy, autoimmune disease, autoantibodies, and autoimmunity are currently popular study topics.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest regarding this investigation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

We would like to thank everyone who assisted us in gathering the data and authoring this article.

REFERENCES:

1. De Groof A, Ducreux J, Vidal-Bralo L, et al. Toll-like receptor 3 increases antigen-presenting cell responses to a pro-apoptotic stimulus, yet does not contribute to systemic lupus erythematosus genetic susceptibility. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020;38(5):881-890.

2. Cui M, Li T, Yan X, et al. Blood Genomics Identifies Three Subtypes of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: “iFN-High,” “nE-High,” and “mixed.” Mediators Inflamm. 2021;2021. doi:10.1155/2021/6660164

3. Xu M, Liu Y, Li X, et al. Evaluation of genetic susceptibility between systemic lupus erythematosus and GRB2 gene. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1-6. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46827-z

4. Handono K, Gofur NRP, Nurdiana. Gingivitis on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ( SLE ) patients : A Pilot study. Res J Pharm Technol. 2020;13(11):1-15. doi:10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00954.3

5. Annavarapu S, Raphael M, Vijayanarayana, Thunga G, Sreedharan. A Study on Clinical Manifestations , Treatment Pattern and Outcome in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients in Tertiary A Study on Clinical Manifestations , Treatment Pattern and Outcome in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients in Tertiary Care Hospital. Res J Pharm Technol. 2017;10(5):1-20. doi:10.5958/0974-360X.2017.00246.3

6. Angelin E, Chellarani V, Shirly D, JOhon M. Perception of Body Image and Sexuality of women with and without Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Nurs Educ Res. 2017;5(4):1-20. doi:10.5958/2454-2660.2017.00091.6

7. Amutha JJ. Lupus Nephritis. Int J Adv Nurs Manag. 2017;5(2):1-17. doi:10.5958/2454-2652.2017.00036.1

8. Pons-Estel GJ, Ugarte-Gil MF, Alarcón GS. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017;13(8):799-814. doi:10.1080/1744666X.2017.1327352

9. Julià A, López-Longo FJ, Pérez Venegas JJ, et al. Genome-wide association study meta-analysis identifies five new loci for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2018;20(1):1-10. doi:10.1186/s13075-018-1604-1

10. Pusdatin kemenkes RI. Infodatin “situasi lupus Indonesia.” Published online 2017.

11. Guerra SG, Vyse TJ, Cunninghame Graham DS. The genetics of lupus: A functional perspective. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(3):1-12. doi:10.1186/ar3844

12. Taylor KE, Remmers EF, Lee AT, et al. Specificity of the STAT4 genetic association for severe disease manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS Genet. 2008;4(5):1-9. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000084

13. Zucchi D, Elefante E, Calabresi E, Signorini V, Bortoluzzi A, Tani C. One year in review 2019: Systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019;37(5):715-722.

14. Fava A, Petri M. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Diagnosis and Clinical Management. Physiol Behav. 2017;176(12):139-148. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2018.11.001.Systemic

15. Tanzilia MF, Tambunan BA, Dewi DNSS. Tinjauan Pustaka: Patogenesis Dan Diagnosis Sistemik Lupus Eritematosus. Syifa’ Med J Kedokt dan Kesehat. 2021;11(2):139. doi:10.32502/sm.v11i2.2788

16. Wahyuni S. Peran Imunitas Humoral Pada Penyakit Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ( Sle ) Humoral Immunity Role in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ( Sle ). Averrous. 2017;3(1):1-11.

17. Kuo CF, Jun Chou I, Rees F, et al. Temporal relationships between systemic lupus erythematosus and comorbidities. Rheumatol (United Kingdom). 2019;58(5):840-848. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/key335

18. Rees F, Doherty M, Grainge M, Lanyon P, Davenport G, Zhang W. Burden of Comorbidity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the UK, 1999-2012. Arthritis Care Res. 2016;68(6):819-827. doi:10.1002/acr.22751

19. Ward MM, Pajevic S, Dreyfuss J, Malley JD. Short-term prediction of mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Classification of outcomes using random forests. Arthritis Care Res. 2006;55(1):74-80. doi:10.1002/art.21695

20. Yen EY, Shaheen M, Woo JMP, et al. 46-year trends in systemic lupus erythematosus mortality in the United States, 1968 to 2013: A nationwide population-based study. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(11):777-785. doi:10.7326/M17-0102

21. Yurkovich M, Vostretsova K, Chen W, Aviña-Zubieta JA. Overall and cause-specific mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Arthritis Care Res. 2014;66(4):608-616. doi:10.1002/acr.22173

22. Gasparyan AY, Ayvazyan L, Blackmore H, Kitas GD. Writing a narrative biomedical review: Considerations for authors, peer reviewers, and editors. Rheumatol Int. 2011;31(11):1409-1417. doi:10.1007/s00296-011-1999-3

23. Wallin JA. Bibliometric methods: Pitfalls and possibilities. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;97(5):261-275. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_139.x

24. Sheridan G, Wisken E, Hing CB, Smith TO. A bibliometric analysis assessing temporal changes in publication and authorship characteristics in The Knee from 1996 to 2016. Knee. 2018;25(2):213-218. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2018.01.014

25. Brown T, Gutman SA, Ho YS, Fong KNK. A bibliometric analysis of occupational therapy publications. Scand J Occup Ther. 2018;25(1):1-14. doi:10.1080/11038128.2017.1329344

26. Oh J, Chang H, Kim JA, et al. Citation analysis for biomedical and health sciences journals published in Korea. Healthc Inform Res. 2017;23(3):218-225. doi:10.4258/hir.2017.23.3.218

27. Wang M, Liu P, Zhang R, Li Z, Li X. A scientometric analysis of global health research. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8). doi:10.3390/ijerph17082963

28. Qu Y, Zhang C, Hu Z, et al. The 100 most influential publications in asthma from 1960 to 2017: A bibliometric analysis. Respir Med. 2018;137:206-212. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2018.03.014

29. Kashyap santu R. Authorship Pattern and Degree of Collaboration of International Journal of Advances in Social Science ( IJASS ) during 2014 – 2017 : A Bibliometrics Study ( AbstractView . aspx ? PID = 2018-9-4-11 ) Authorship Pattern and Degree of Collaboration of Intern. Res J Humanit Soc Sci. 2018;9(4):1-26. doi:10.5958/2321-5828.2018.00129.8

30. Veer D., Khiste GP. National Research Performance in the International Context Regarding Productivity of Bibliometric Literature in Indian Citation Index ( AbstractView . aspx ? PID = 2018-9-1-59 ) National Research Performance in the International Context Regarding Producti. Res J Humanit Soc Sci. 2018;9(1):1-24. doi:10.5958/2321-5828.2018.00059.1

31. Sahu H kumar. A bibliometric Analysis of Research Journal of management, 2010-2017. Asian J Manag. 2017;8(8).

32. Sahu HK. Research Productivity and Degree of Collaboration in Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services during 2013-2017. Res J Humanit Soc Sci. 2018;9(4):1-18. doi:10.5958/2321-5828.2018.00161.4

33. Pawar S, Chandrappa S. Bibliometric Analysis of Botany Thesis Award by Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Year 1990-2017 . Res J Humanit Soc Sci. 2020;11(03):241-246. doi:10.5958/2321-5828.2020.00039.X

34. Pawar S. Bibliometric : A Research Technique. Int J Adv Soc Sci. 2020;8(3):1-17. doi:10.5958/2454-2679.2020.00011.0

35. Koo M. Systemic lupus erythematosus research: A bibliometric analysis over a 50-year period. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(13). doi:10.3390/ijerph18137095

36. Morán-Mariños C, Toro-Huamanchumo CJ, Pacheco-Mendoza J. Bibliometric profile and collaborative networks in scientific research on systemic lupus erythematosus in Latin America, 1982–2018. Reumatol Clínica (English Ed. 2021;17(7):404-407. doi:10.1016/j.reumae.2020.01.004

37. Li BZ, Pan HF, Ye DQ. A bibliometric study of literature on SLE research in PubMed (2002-2011). Lupus. 2013;22(8):772-777. doi:10.1177/0961203313491850

38. Zhang J, Zhan W, Yang B, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of rs3077 and rs9277535 in HLA-DP associated with Systemic lupus erythematosus in a Chinese population. Sci Rep. 2017;7. doi:10.1038/srep39757

39. Rees F, Doherty M, Grainge MJ, Lanyon P, Zhang W. The worldwide incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Rheumatol (United Kingdom). 2017;56(11):1945-1961. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kex260

40. Li S, Gong T, Peng Y, Nieman KM, Gilbertson DT. Prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus and associated outcomes in the 2009–2016 US Medicare population. Lupus. 2020;29(1):15-26. doi:10.1177/0961203319888691

41. Stojan G, Petri M. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: An update. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2018;30(2):144-150. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000480

42. Xu WD, Zhang YJ, Xu K, et al. IRF7, a functional factor associates with systemic lupus erythematosus. Cytokine. 2012;58(3):317-320. doi:10.1016/J.CYTO.2012.03.003

43. Walsh SJ, Algert C, Rothfield NF. Racial aspects of comorbidity in systemic lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;9(6):509-516. doi:10.1002/art.1790090613

44. Moss KE, Ioannou Y, Sultan SM, Haq I, Isenberg DA. Outcome of a cohort of 300 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus attending a dedicated clinic for over two decades. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61(5):409-413. doi:10.1136/ard.61.5.409

45. Mok CC, Ho LY, To CH. Annual incidence and standardized incidence ratio of cerebrovascular accidents in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol. 2009;38(5):362-368. doi:10.1080/03009740902776927

46. Mok CC, Tang SSK. Incidence and predictors of renal disease in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med. 2004;117(10):791-795. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.04.029

47. Yu KH, Kuo CF, Chou IJ, Chiou MJ, See LC. Risk of end-stage renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a nationwide population-based study. Int J Rheum Dis. 2016;19(11):1175-1182. doi:10.1111/1756-185X.12828

48. Muangchan C, Van Vollenhoven RF, Bernatsky SR, et al. Treatment Algorithms in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67(9):1237-1245. doi:10.1002/ACR.22589

49. Bruce IN, Urowitz MB, Gladman DD, Ibañez D, Steiner G. Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease in Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The Toronto Risk Factor Study. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(11):3159-3167. doi:10.1002/art.11296

50. He Y, Sawalha AH. Drug-induced lupus erythematosus: an update on drugs and mechanisms. Physiol Behav. 2017;176(3):139-148. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000522.Drug-induced

51. Reed B, Huff J, Jones S, et al. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus associated with leflunomide. Cutis. 2005;76(3):189-192.

52. Chang C, Gershwin ME. Drug-induced lupus erythematosus: Incidence, management and prevention. Drug Saf. 2011;34(5):357-374. doi:10.2165/11588500-000000000-00000

53. Vasoo S. Drug-induced lupus : an update. Published online 2006:757-761.

54. Vaglio A, Grayson PC, Fenaroli P, et al. Drug-induced lupus: Traditional and new concepts. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17(9):912-918. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2018.03.016

55. Chung MK, Park JS, Lim H, Lee CH, Lee J. Incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus among Korean women in childbearing years: A nationwide population-based study. Lupus. 2021;30(4):674-679. doi:10.1177/0961203320984845

56. Moser KL, Kelly JA, Lessard CJ, Harley JB. Recent insights into the genetic basis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Immun. 2009;10(5):373-379. doi:10.1038/gene.2009.39

57. Kwon YC, Chun S, Kim K, Mak A. Update on the Genetics of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Genome-Wide Association Studies and Beyond. Cells. 2019;8(10):1-17. doi:10.3390/cells8101180

Received on 12.07.2022 Modified on 16.06.2023

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2024; 17(3):1076-1082.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00168